CRISPR/Cas9 for Enhancing Resilience of Crops to Abiotic Stresses

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Abiotic stress such as cold, drought, and salinity stress are the major factors that alter crop growth and result in a potential yield loss of more than 50% on average, thus having detrimental consequences on agricultural efficiency worldwide. With the fast growth of molecular biology over recent times, genetic modification techniques have been extensively used in various branches of plant sciences due to their efficiency, maneuverability, and directed editing. The field of life sciences is being greatly impacted by gene editing across the world. Desired gene changes and, more importantly, the transgene-free method of creating genetically altered organisms are two of its many uses that are of particular interest. Recent and rapid advances in genome editing technology have fueled optimism for long-term global food security. Genome editing methods offer enormous promise for use in developing resistant cultivars. The above strategies have produced excellent outcomes, mostly in resistance breeding of key grain crops, vegetables, and fruit crops. Plant breeding breakthroughs achieved so far have proven beneficial in catering to the multi-agency of plant abiotic stress responses, but they are insufficient to ensure the world’s future food and nutritional security. Engineering crops to be tolerant to a particular environmental stress, like drought or cold, is extremely hard due to the intricate reactions induced by stressed crops. In addition, transgenes are introduced arbitrarily into the genome, making regulation challenging. In recent years, RNAi technology has been employed to create plants that are resistant to environmental stress. Unfortunately, RNAi often induces down-regulation rather than total suppression of target genes. The challenges faced by conventional, transgenic, and RNAi techniques can be solved by the innovative, efficient, and significantly more precise gene-editing tool known as the CRISPR/cas9 system, which was developed very recently. CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic) ensures crop yield stability and sustainability globally. This approach can develop crop types that are more resistant to abiotic conditions such as drought, salinity, cold, heat, and heavy metal stress.

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