Evaluation of a Panel of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer: An Observational Study

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being delved into for the diagnosis of lung cancer.6 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is another sensitive marker of the cellular state as well as of tumor growth.7 C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant that is linked with inflammation.Lung cancer patients have chronic inflammation, therefore explaining the raised levels of CRP. 8 Previous literature has shown that these biomarkers have been evaluated independently for the analysis of lung malignancy. IntroductIonLung cancer, once a rare disease, is now among the most common malignancies with poor survival rate. 1 Smoking is the strongest risk factor linked with the occurrence of lung cancer.2 Symptoms of lung cancer (cough, chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis) usually occur when the tumor has spread to distant sites.The detection of lung cancer entails a combination of imaging tests like computed tomography of the thorax and tissue diagnosis attained by fine needle aspiration cytology or endobronchial biopsy.However, these invasive tests have certain limitations and associated complications like pneumothorax, hemoptysis, and an increase in breathlessness.Discovering different biomarkers for the finding of this malignancy has always garnered attention and has been considered for a long time.Being noninvasive and safe, there is a pressing need to find a sensitive and specific biomarker for the early diagnosis of this malignancy.Also, the diverse mechanisms of biomarker synthesis could give new prospects for research that could aid in the development of new drugs for this potentially fatal disease.Many novel molecular biomarkers are continuously emerging and are being investigated for their vital part in the detection of this malignancy as well as for establishing prognosis.3 Cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA 21-1) is a soluble circulating tumor marker that increases in lung cancer subjects.4 Similarly, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM), a biomarker implicated in the course of cell adhesion and modulation, has been shown to have raised levels in lung cancer.5 Neuronspecific enolase (NSE) is an isoenzyme of enolase and is currently 1,3,6,

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