A 1:1 matched case-control study: Are thyroid nodules related to iodine nutrition? Can thyroglobulin(Tg) serve as a functional biomarker for thyroid nodules?

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Abstract Background A significant increasing trend in the prevalence of thyroid nodules has resulted in shining a spotlight on whether thyroid nodules are related to the level of iodine nutrition. In this study, a 1:1 matched case-control study is conducted to investigate whether thyroid nodules are related to the level of iodine nutrition.Methods Selected three survey sites with median urinary iodine (MUI) < 100µg/L, 100–199µg/L, and 200–299µg/L. The residents who have lived there for at least 5 years with thyroid nodules were the case group, while those without nodules were the control group that matched 1:1 with the case group by age (± 3 years), gender and region. All subjects completed questionnaires, collected blood and urine samples.Results The MUI of the case group in the areas with more than adequate iodine intake was lower than that of the control group(P < 0.05); Only the level of Tg of the case group was higher than that of the control group in the areas with adequate iodine intake(P < 0.05).The conditional Logistic regression model resulted that there were statistically significant correlations between history of thyroid disorders, Tg, TgAb and thyroid nodules.Conclusions When in the areas with more than adequate iodine intake, a slight increase in urinary iodine may help inhibit the occurrence of nodules. History of thyroid disorders, increased Tg and TgAb levels were risk factors for thyroid nodules. Tg can serve as a functional biomarker for thyroid nodules.

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