Usefulness of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Diagnosing Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Large-Vessel Vasculitis: A Case-Control Study

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Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the utility of FDG-PET/CT in diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and associated large-vessel vasculitis (LVV). Methods: We analyzed FDG-PET/CT completed between 2015 and 2019 on patients diagnosed with PMR. For comparisons, patients with PMR were matched 1:1 to controls based on age and gender. FDG-PET/CT had been completed on the controls over the same period. The FDG uptake was scored visually for 17 articular or periarticular sites and 13 vascular sites using a semi-quantitative scoring system (score of 0–3). Results: Eighty-one patients with PMR and eighty-one controls were included (mean age 70.7 (9.8) years; 44.4% women). Significant differences between the PMR and control groups were found at all articular and periarticular sites for the following: (i) the FDG uptake score (p < 0.001 for all locations); (ii) the number of patients per site with significant FDG uptake (score ≥ 2); (iii) the global FDG articular uptake scores (31 [IQR, 21 to 37] versus 6 [IQR, 3 to 10], p < 0.001); and (iv) the number of sites with significant FDG uptake (score ≥ 2) (scores of 0–17) (11 [IQR, 7 to 13] versus 1 [IQR, 0 to 2], p < 0.001). No significant differences in the global FDG vascular uptake scores were found between the patients who were considered isolated PMR and the control groups. Conclusions: The FDG uptake score and the number of sites with significant FDG uptake could be pertinent criteria for the diagnosis of PMR. Unlike others, we did not confirm the presence of vascular involvement in patients with isolated PMR.

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