Bone Regenerative Effects of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Collagen, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Platelet-Rich Plasma in an Equine Bone Defect Model

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Fractures in the horse industry are challenging and a common cause of death in racehorses.To accelerate fracture healing, tissue engineering (TE) provides promising ways to regenerate bone tissues.This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic effects of biphasic calcium phosphate collagen (BCPC) graft, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatments in horses.Four thoroughbred horses were included in the study, and, in each horse, three cortical defects with a diameter of 5 mm and depth of 10 mm were formed in the third metacarpal bones (MC) and metatarsal bones (MT).The defects were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups (saline, BCPC, BMP2, MSC, PRP, and control).Injections of saline, BMP2, PRP, or MSCs were made at 1, 3, and 5 weeks after defect surgery.Bone regeneration effects were assessed by radiography, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), micro-computed tomography (μCT), histopathological, and histomorphometric evaluation.The new bone ratio (%) in the histomorphometric evaluation was higher in the BMP2 group than in the control and saline groups.Radiographic and QCT values were significantly higher in the BCPC groups than in the other groups.QCT values of the BMP2 group were significantly higher than in the control and saline groups.The present study demonstrated that BCPC grafts were biologically safe and showed osteoconductivity in horses and the repeated injections of BMP2 without a carrier can be simple and promising TE factors for treating horses with bone fractures.

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