Risk factors for emergency endoscopic variceal ligation treatment failure of acute variceal bleeding

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Objective To determine the risk factors for emergency endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) failure in acute variceal bleeding (AVB).Methods Data from 161 cirrhosis patients with oesophageal variceal bleeding who underwent emergency EVL treatment at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2018 to May 2021 were retrospectively analysed. Enrolled patients were divided into a successful treatment group and a failed treatment group. The variables studied were demographic, clinical, imaging, laboratory, and endoscopic data from the enrolled patients.Results Of the enrolled patients, 19 patients experienced emergency EVL failure. Of these patients, nine underwent emergency endoscopic treatment again, six patients were treated with a Sengstaken–Blakemore tube for haemostasis and endoscopic treatment, four patients received drug therapy. The presence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in the failure group was higher than that in the success group (p < .05). Active bleeding on endoscopy was associated with emergency EVL failure for patients with Child–Pugh class C (p < .05).Conclusions Child–Pugh class C with active bleeding on endoscopy or the presence of PVT could increase the risk of emergency EVL failure. The patient’s condition should be fully evaluated before emergency endoscopic treatment to reduce the risk of failure.

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