Long-Term Clinical Outcome and Prognostic Factors of Children and Adolescents with Localized Rhabdomyosarcoma Treated on the CWS-2002P Protocol

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We report here the results of the prospective, non-randomized, historically controlled CWS-2002P study in patients ≤ 21 years with localized RMS developed with the aim to improve the long-term outcome by adapting the burden of therapy to risk profile and to investigate the feasibility and relation to the outcome of maintenance therapy (MT) in the high-risk groups. Patients were allocated into low-risk (LR), standard-risk (SR), high-risk (HR), and very high-risk (VHR) groups. Chemotherapy consisted of vincristine (VCR) and dactinomycin (ACTO-D) for all patients with the addition of ifosfamide (IFO) in the SR, HR, and VHR and doxorubicin (DOX) in the HR and VHR groups. Low-dose cyclophosphamide and vinblastine maintenance therapy (MT) over 6 months was recommended in the HR and VHR groups. A total of 444 patients have been included in this analysis. With a median follow-up of 9·6 years (IQR 7·6–10·9) for patients alive, the 5-year EFS and OS for the whole group was 73% (95% CI 69–77) and 80% (95% CI 76–84), respectively. The 5-year EFS by risk group was 100% in the LR, 79% (95% CI 72–84) in the SR, 69% (95% CI 63–75) in the HR, and 42% (95% CI 23–61) in the VHR (log-rank p = 0.000). The 5-year EFS was 77% (95% CI 70–84) for 155 patients in the HR group who received MT as compared to 63% (95% CI 50–76) for 49 patients who did not (log-rank p = 0.015). Neither the reduction in the IFO dose in the SR nor the increased dose intensity of DOX in HR groups influenced the outcome when compared to the previous CWS and other European studies. MT was feasible, seemed to have an impact on prognosis, and should be studied in a well-controlled prospective trial in this patient population. The weighting of risk factors used for therapy stratification needs to be reevaluated.

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