Assessing the environmental availability of sulfamethoxazole and its acetylated metabolite in agricultural soils amended with compost and manure: an experimental and modeling study

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The recycling of sludge compost and farmyard manure in agriculture can lead to the introduction of sulfonamideantibiotics and their acetylated metabolites into soils. The quality and the biodegradability of the exogenousorganic matter (EOM) containing antibiotic residues is determinant for their environmental availability and fatein soils (Goulas et al., 2016). This study combined experimental and modeling approaches in order to: 1) assessthe fraction of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and N-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (AcSMX) available in EOM-amendedsoils by using soft extractions (CaCl2, EDTA or cyclodextrin solutions) during a 28-day incubation; and 2) betterunderstand the dynamics of sulfonamide residues in amended soils in connection with their availability and themineralization of EOM organic matter thanks to the COP-Soil model (Geng et al. 2015). This model proposesseveral options to couple the biotransformation of organic pollutants (OP) with the decomposition of EOM in soil.The microbial degradation can be simulated by co-metabolism and specific-metabolism. The model also accountsfor the formation of non-extractable residues (NER) via both physicochemical and microbial routes