UNCONVENTIONAL PATTERNING METHODS FOR BIONEMS

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Unconventional nanopatterning methods are emerging as powerful tools for biological studies and tissue engineering [1–5]. In biological studies, there is a great need to detect or separate small biological species (DNA or proteins) in a rapid and high throughput manner. Most biological events occur at the nanometer scale and thus control of the phenomena at this characteristic length scale could lead to new devices with improved properties such as increased speed and sensitivity. Nanoscale patterns or channels integrated with bio-nanoelectromechanical systems (BioNEMS) enable miniaturization of biomolecular arrays or detection elements, offering a potential tool for screening libraries of small molecules or detection/separation at a single molecule level [6]. In tissue engineering, it is important to control cellular microenvironments in vitro to create the cellular niche during embryonic development. For this purpose, unconventional patterning methods can offer biomimetic nanoscale topographical features on a solid substrate similar to tissue environments, providing a route to manipulate cell functions with desired phenotypic responses. In a typical biological laboratory setup, it is beneficial to create nanoscale patterns or nanochannels without resorting to sophisticated equipments such in electronbeam, x-ray, and ultraviolet (UV) photolithography. Nanoimprinting (including hot

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