Emergency Water Treatment with Bleach in the United States: The Need to Revise EPA Recommendations
Rattachement africain : us. Niveau de preuve : code pays fourni par la source.
Le résumé fourni par la source
During emergencies in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently recommends using bottled water, or boiling or treating water by adding 1/8 teaspoon (or 8 drops) of bleach to 1 gal of water. This bleach recommendation is internally inconsistent, a relatively high chlorine dose (5.55-8.67 mg/L), and unsupported by evidence. In this study, bleach was added in three different dosages to six waters available to emergency-affected populations in each of six states; free chlorine residual (FCR) and Escherichia coli/total coliforms were measured 1-24 h after treatment. Data were analyzed using four efficacy criteria. Results indicated the dosages in the current EPA recommendation are unnecessarily high to ensure (1) maintenance of FCR for 24 h after treatment, (2) absence of E. coli/total coliforms, and (3) establishment of a CT-factor sufficient to inactivate Giardia lamblia and enteric viruses 1 h after treatment. Additionally, emergency-prone populations did not have the materials to complete treatment with bleach in their household. Therefore, we recommend EPA review and revise the current recommendation to establish an internally consistent, criteria-based recommendation that is usable by emergency-affected populations. We also recommend investigating the use of new or commercially available water treatment products for emergency response in the United States.
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Le contrôle bibliographique ouvert
DOI retrouvé dans Crossref DOI retrouvé ; titre concordant.
- Titre Crossref
- Emergency Water Treatment with Bleach in the United States: The Need to Revise EPA Recommendations
- Date Crossref
- 08/04/2014
- Éditeur
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Type
- journal-article
Ce recoupement confirme des métadonnées liées au DOI. Il ne confirme ni la méthode ni les conclusions de l’étude, et il ne compte pas comme une seconde source scientifique indépendante.
Où se fait cette recherche
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pays non établi dans la noticeOrganisme public
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National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases pays non établi dans la noticeStructure de recherche
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Office of the Director pays non établi dans la noticeOrganisme public
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Lehigh University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch pays non établi dans la noticeInstitution
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National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases pays non établi dans la noticeInstitution
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases et Office of the Director, avec 3 autres affiliations.
Une affiliation ne permet pas de déduire la nationalité d’un auteur.